Progreso Financiero Essay

Progreso Financiero faces two critical problems. First, it is falling significantly short of its sales forecasts (Exhibit 4), causing concern for investors and employees of the company. Second, Progreso has not yet identified a clear path to profitability. There are four key drivers to underperformance at Progreso Financiero: poor sales analytics systems, improper human resource management, poor managerial decision making and ineffective compensation incentives. The collective result of these shortcomings is that Progreso’s sales employees are highly unmotivated and ill equipped to help the company realize its sales and profitability goals. In order to be effective, sales executives need to have clear selling objectives and the ability to track their performance against key performance metrics. Much to its detriment, however, Progreso Financiero does not have any systems in place to track conversion pipeline and CPA over time. This has deleterious effects both on management’s ability to accurately forecast overall sales (likely the cause of the huge discrepancy between forecasts and actual sales – see Exhibit 6) and the account executive’s ability to track potential and existing customers throughout the sales-force funnel. Indeed, Progreso Financiero suffers from low lead-to-loan conversion (~14%) as well as low customer retention (~52%), which are key drivers of underperformance in terms of sales volume and customer lifetime value vis-Ã  -vis the company’s acquisition costs. Many of Progreso’s problems can also be attributed to poor HR management. It’s decision to hire its sales managers directly from the groceries in which it sells has created channel issues with its retail partners and has also left it with a sales force that is highly inexperienced. As a result, these employees require significantly more training before they can effectively sell at a level of an experienced sales executive. Progreso’s decision to promote internally to fill its DSM positions is also highly questionable, since these employees have little to no people management experience. As such, they have a difficult time engaging and motivating their direct reports. When Gutierrez does hire outside help, he consistently makes poor decisions. Time and again he promotes individuals with little to no actual sales experience (Cortez, Caviness, Ulloa) to lead his sales team, resulting in a failure of leadership and execution. When he does hire someone with sales experience (Dudley), he choses someone that does not speak Spanish, creating a language communication barrier. The commission-based compensation structure used at Progreso is hurting the company instead of creating incentives for AEs to progressively sell more loans. While a progressive incentive structure is appropriate for Progreso – loan sales are highly contingent on the efforts of its AEs – it has not structured the incentives properly. First, the company has set a minimum threshold of 15 loan sales per month before an AE can receive a baseline commission of $18 per loan, but in 2008 employees are averaging only 7 loans per month. At the same time, employees appear relatively content simply earning the hourly $8 wage, creating an ecosystem in which the utility of the fixed salary outweighs the effort-to-outcome of doubling one’s loan sales output to earn incremental commission. Indeed, the goals are so far out of reach that AEs have given up on achieving them. This has created a principal-agent dilemma whereby the sales force is no longer aligned with the firm to achieve its aggressive sales forecasts. The low morale caused by a misaligned incentive structure is also a likely contributor to the high turnover at Progreso, which in turn impacts overall sales force productivity due to the sales learning curve and training required for each new AE. Finally, Progreso’s decision to enter into the Sears/K-Mart channels was also a strategic mistake. The foot traffic of their target customer at these stores is much lower than that of their target customer in Hispanic grocery stores. Furthermore, these channels already had a product offering in place (with Citibank) and an incentive structure of their own that encouraged Sears employees to refer business to Citibank, not Progreso. Lastly, Progreso’s agreement with Sears forced it to offer its customers a form of payment (gift cards) that limited their spending flexibility and made the offering less attractive overall. While expanding to merchant accounts increased overall volume of sales, it did so at the expense of its sales employees. As shown in Exhibit 1, Progreso’s merchant launch in September 2007 immediately precipitated a decline in its loan per employee ratio, well below the commission threshold level. Previously AEs were able, on average, to reach or surpass 15 loans per month but after the merchant launch, loans per month declined to 7 per month on average. Despite this, Progreso made no change to its commission incentive structure to accommodate for the differences in sales velocity by channel. Progreso faces two key challenges going forward. It must satisfy investors by proving that it can meet its aggressive sales forecasts and it also must outline a clear path towards profitability. Currently Progresso is spending more to acquire a customer (~$177 CPA, Exhibit 3) than it is earning in downstream value from customers acquired (~$100 CLV, Exhibit 2). In order to improve profitability of its customers, Progreso either needs to increase the margins per loan transaction or improve its retention performance. While Progreso could raise the APR and achieve a higher margin, this would to some degree tarnish its brand positioning as a low-cost, low-barrier lending company. Instead, Progreso should continue to build CRM systems that provide a deeper connection with its customers at each stage through the sales pipeline. If, for example, Progreso was able to convert 85% of new customers into repeat customers (instead of 65%), the CLV per customer would then surpass Progreso’s CPA. While Progreso could also aim to lower its acquisition cost, this is not recommended since it would require either shutting down some of its locations or decreasing overall compensation to an already discouraged sales force. Progreso should also redesign its incentive structure. First, it needs to make its commission threshold more achievable in order to align its AEs with company sales goals. To accomplish this it should eliminate the threshold requirement altogether and compensate using commission at all levels of sales (starting at 2% and rising to a 10% maximum). Secondly, it should lower the hourly wage to $6 in order to encourage its employees to earn a higher share of income through commission. In 2008 AEs sold 7 loans on average, meaning that most AEs did not earn any commission. By contrast, in the proposed compensation structure (Exhibit 5), AEs begin earning commission right away but earn a lower base salary. It is expected that this model will improve morale, even though AEs will need to double their loan count because they will have a sense of ownership right away and their incentives will be aligned with Progreso’s. Lastly, Progreso should improve the quality of its sales force by recruiting externally and hiring managers that have relevant sales experience. Every sales employee from top to bottom should be required to speak Spanish in order to improve communication. By improving the compensation structure and hiring an already knowledgeable sales force, Progreso can improve the effectiveness of each AE and actually reach the sales goals it sets for itself.

Euthanasia and Early 20th Century

Life is precious and shouldn't be taken for granted. A high percentage of people living in America believe that the taking of someone's life is rather normal in certain ways. Euthanasia is illegal in most of the world, however is permissible in the Netherlands and also in Colombia. In the United States of America, euthanasia is legal only in the state of Oregon. Rendering to a May 2004 Gallup Poll, 53% of all Americans think that euthanasia is ethically acceptable, while 41 % believe it is wrong. During the time of the early 20th century, groups formed supporting uthanasia, and mainly were located in England and America.Throughout World War II, the Nazis in Germany had their own program assisting euthanasia. They assisted people with euthanasia who weren't worthy and who were not in good physical shape enough to live on. They were comprised of primarily children and older people. Euthanasia has its pros and cons, and obviously has its reasons. You're probably wondering, what is eutha nasia? Euthanasia comes from the Greek language and means â€Å"good death†, and is basically a thought of â€Å"mercy killing†. Euthanasia can be divided in to two categories.Two Main Types of Euthanasia There are two types of Euthanasia, active and passive euthanasia. Active euthanasia is an ending of one's life, mainly done by a physician, usually by lethal drug injections. On the other hand, passive euthanasia is when someone stops a patient from receiving his/her medical treatments which eventually causes that person to die. As we can see, euthanasia is related to death in either case. Euthanasia is mainly used at hospitals, where people are in very bad condition, especially individuals who are in comas.There are even times when Euthanasia is practiced by turning off the ife support machines, or not providing enough food and/or water to the patient. In addition, there are cases where prescribed medications like antibiotic, morphine, etc. , are given to patients wh ich can lead to a patient's death. Performing the action of euthanasia, passive or active, is a big problem that needs to be addressed by the government. The main problem lies with the decision maker in determining the sick patient's future.If the decision maker thinks that the patient is suffering exceedingly, he/she will perform the act of euthanasia. However, if the patient is not suffering, the erformer will not proceed to his/her prescribed actions. It's important to note that today, machines, medicines and other technology have saved millions of lives, therefore, making euthanasia a more and widely discussed and controversial matter throughout the world. Sometimes euthanasia can be beneficial when a person is in critical condition and is too sick to benefit from life.It could also be a way to dismiss extreme pain. However, Euthanasia can have a negative aspect. Euthanasia can debase human life or a monetary reason to save loads of money rather than pending it on life support m achines. In conclusion these are the basic pros and cons ot euthanasia. The pros and cons ot the supporting evidence will be discussed in detail below to be understood in its supposed manner. Pros and Reasons Supporting Euthanasia There are many pros for supporting Euthanasia. One would be to help remove extreme suffering from a terminally sick person.Secondly, it another way for ending tremendously high medical bills, knowing that a patient is not going to be cured or knowing that a patient will not live due to the suffering that's being experienced. Lastly, euthanasia can be beneficial when used on a person who has been in a coma for a while to help family members or close friends overcome any thoughts or feelings that they might have towards the person in the coma. Cons and Reasons Opposing Euthanasia There are also negative aspects for supporting Euthanasia.A person shouldn't be killed with the use of euthanasia because it is compared to â€Å"murder†. Secondly, Euthanasi a is another way to stop the high costs of medical bills. This type of thinking is immoral. Lastly, Euthanasia can be influenced by the sick patient's wealth and his/her personal belongings, i. . , acquiring wealth, property, inheritance, etc. As we can see from the above pros and cons mentioned above, the action of Euthanasia is rather opinionated. Some people side with euthanasia while others criticize and oppose it.There seems to be no really right or wrong side, but more of a sense of morals involved. Euthanasia is a large topic and can interfere in many people's lives, and can even interfere in one's religion, which is a whole separate topic. The following will show the thoughts about Euthanasia in both Christianity and Islam. The Christian religion has several beliefs on Euthanasia. One aspect deals with life which concerns the giving and life and the taking away of life is created by God and God only, and therefore people's lives should not be determined by human choice.They also believe that no human being should have the right to take the life from another for any reason possible. The Islamic religion is quite similar to the Christian religion on this topic. In the Islamic religion, Allah SWT once said in the Quran, â€Å"Do not take the life, which Allah made sacred, other than in the course of justice. † The Prophet, PBUH, said: â€Å"Amongst the nations before you there was a man ho got a wound, and growing impatient (due to the pain), he took a knife and cut his hand with it and the blood did not stop till he died.Allah said, ‘My slave hurried to bring death upon himself so I have forbidden him (to enter) Paradise. † Sahih Bukhari. Therefore, a person who takes one's own life away will not enter Paradise. It's not up to individuals to make the determination on when life should end; it only belongs to Carmelite Spirituality and the e 30 May 2 Practice ot Mental Prayer As we can see in the figure above, a very ill patient, Faye, lying down in bed, with n illness which caused her to be both paralyzed and speechless. Faye cannot move any part of her body and cannot communicate with anyone, as well.Faye and her family collaborated together and have decided to use active euthanasia, by the means of using lethal drug injections. In this situation, Faye has agreed to the injections because she feels that she will not gain anything from life due to her terminal conditions. Euthanasia for Faye was an upright choice because it provided an easy death for her and avoided a lot of pain and suffering that she was experiencing. As for Faye's family, it saved them a large debt that included life upport, which would have kept her alive throughout her miserable future.

Management Planning Paper Essay

The Boeing Corporation is the world’s leading aerospace company and is the largest manufacturer of commercial jetliners as well as military aircrafts. Boeing has teams that manufacture missiles, satellites, defense systems, and communication systems. NASA turns to Boeing when they need something and Boeing operates the International Space Station. Boeing has a broad range of capabilities and skills, which is probably the reason they are the world’s leading aerospace company. With the Boeing headquarters in Chicago, more than 170,000 people in 70 different countries find themselves employed with the corporation and most of them hold a college degree (Boeing Corporation,  2012). It takes many hard working employees and managers to make Boeing a successful corporation. This paper will discuss the planning function of management, analyze the influence of legal issues, ethics, and corporate social responsibility and their effects on management planning. I will also analyze factors that influence the company’s strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning as they relate to the Boeing Corporation. The planning function of management is the process of setting goals within the corporation that are expected to be achieved over a set period. Therefore, Boeing got to be the world’s leading aerospace company by setting such goals. The Boeing Corporation has engineer departments, sales departments, mechanical departments, and product testing departments among a few others. Each individual department will have set goals put in place by corporate and guidelines regarding how they should achieve the desired goal for each project. Each goal is designed for each department to become the most efficient in their levels. There are six steps in management planning. The steps listed in provided course materials are situational analysis, alternative goals and plans, goal and plan evaluation, goal and plan selection, implementation, and monitor and control (Thomas S. Bateman, Scott A. Snell,  2009). Step one gathers and summarizes information that is in question. It examines current conditions with an attempt at forecasting future conditions. Step two generates alternative goals that may be used as an alternate if the first desired plan does not ork. Step three evaluates the potential of the alternative goals and prioritizes/eliminates ones that might or might not work. Step four in management planning is the selecting of goals believed to be most appropriate and feasible by the managers. Step five implements the goals and plans into action by managers. Goal achievement is likely to be linked to the organizationâ₠¬â„¢s reward system to encourage employees to achieve the goals and implement plans properly (Thomas S. Bateman, Scott A. Snell,  2009). Step six is essential in making sure goals and plans are met. If the goals and plans are not monitored and controlled managers would not know if they were ever met successfully. Boeing the huge corporation that it is has had its fair share of legal issues. The corporation has to pay special attention to detail when it concerns obeying the laws and regulations in regard the manufacturing of aircraft. The planes must be tested for safety and flying ability before they ever hit the mainstream public. Notices on the aircraft tell passengers when they should be buckled and when it is considered safe to unbuckle. Engineers have to provide manuals for the aircrafts in case any issues may arise when in use. Ethical issues come into play when Boeing makes bids to other corporations like the military or NASA. They are not allowed to charge prices that people believe to be unfair or make any changes after things have already been agreed upon. This means that the sales department has to plan how much they want to sell their product for. The main corporate social responsibility that Boeing has is safety. They have to engineer items safe for the public to be on/use. With Boeing being the world’s leading Aerospace Corporation, millions of people rely on the use of their products. That means that engineers have to know the latest safety information and managers have to make sure that they put the safety information to use. Strategic planning is used by the Boeing Corporation when making new aircraft and other items. They have to figure out how to market their item just right so that buyers will be interested in it. This planning has led Boeing to make planes more efficient and comfortable for passengers to ride on. Tactical planning is organized for competition, such as Airbus and demand for product. Boeing is a competitor of Airbus, which is another aerospace engineering corporation. Boeing has to be aware of competitor’s new products and when they will be released. This means that they have to formulate and release products either better or more efficient than the competition’s. Operational planning identifies the specific procedures and processes required at the lower-levels within an organization (Thomas S. Bateman, Scott A. Snell,  2009). So within the Boeing Corporation this would be those who deal with the delivery schedules and human resources departments. Every plane that takes off or leaves an airport has to be scheduled and the arrival/departure times displayed so that the public is aware. Human resources is responsible for the hiring/firing of Boeing’s many employees and any issues consumers may have with a product or service. If someone believes that they did not have a good experience in the flight he or she would call the resource department, and the department would most likely do everything in his or her power to make the person feel better. Contingency plans are put in place in case of any challenges that may arise when making their products. A good example of Boeing’s contingency plan is in 2008 they were trying to produce 40 aircraft a year but the United States hit an economic crisis. This meant that Boeing had to cut back their number of aircraft being created so they did not feel the effects of the economic crisis. So Boeing did not become the world’s leading aerospace corporation by doing nothing. It took hard work, planning, and management. There are six steps in management planning that corporations follow to try to ensure their survival in a competitive world. Boeing has had its fair share of legal and ethical issues and tries to abide by the rules and regulations for safety set forth by the goverment. Boeing tries to keep a strategic plan when creating new products and a tactical plan on how to market their items.

Communication Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Communication Bachelor - Essay Example The whole societal forces have seen a shift as a result of development in the area of communications. Different theories have also been put forward with respect to communications and as the time passed by theories evolved to cover new aspects and in recent times they now expand to media and its role in the whole process of communication. Different theoretical models were put forward and the earliest model was a simple sender-channel-message-receiver model also known as transmission model. Most communication textbooks, including public speaking, begin with the transmission model of communication. Even today, it remains a valuable introductory model. This particular model was a straight chain and was not in the form of loop. So later, modifications added the concept of feedback, leading to a loop. Further developments in the theoretical models added dimensions to the role of receivers adding that receivers normally selectively perceive, interpret and retain messages. Shannon and Weaver put forward their theories in 1949 and their model was considered very important in further developments. Again in their model communication was considered as a linear, one-way process but they also made a difference between source and transmitter, and receiver and destination. So instead of single function they noted that there are two functions at the transmitting end and two at the receiving end. Criticism hurled at the model presented by Shannon and Weaver was the ignorance of the fact that communication process is often endless while they suggested a definite start and finish to the communication process. Decade of 50s brought in its wake further advancements for model-building, as fields of sociology and psychology developed. USA was the first country where the science of communication developed. Gerbner was among few who recognized the transactional nature of much communication that is the "intersubjectivity of communication". Additions to the earlier single chain or transactional communication model changed and experts started considering communication a matter of negotiation and cannot be predicted in advance. Later on developments of mass media, press, films and radio and political changes further accelerated mass communication research. Hence the focus shifted from communication to mass communication. As mass communication became important, different new models began to refer specifically to mass communication. Westley and Maclean were among earlier experts who put forward their views emphasizing the significance of audience demand rather than just the communicator's purpose. The decades of 1960s and 1970s saw the concentration moving away from the effects of the mass media on opinions, behavior and attitudes, and began to converge on the long-term and socializing impact of the mass media. Some were of the opinion that the audiences in this whole media game are active that is they can adopt or reject the guidelines offered by the mass media. However, another group considered audiences the victims of the media resulting in a suspicion of the mass media that continued through the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in relation to news selection and presentation. With further changes in the communication arena the boundaries separating mass communication

Complexities of the U.S. Financial System Research Paper - 1

Complexities of the U.S. Financial System - Research Paper Example Therefore, one way in which the financial markets affect the economy is through determining the flow of both savings and investments into the economy, a pattern which in turn determines the rate of economic growth. Therefore, the financial markets offers an opportunity for savings that have been made by individuals and other business entities to re-enter the economy through the sale of shares, bonds and other financial securities, thus allowing the economy to have a consistent flow of money, which then promotes economic growth (World Financial Watch, 2014). Thus, when the financial markets are not operating smoothly, the economic growth is deterred. On the other hand, one way in which the financial markets affects businesses is through the provision of financial capitals for the business to invest further and grow (World Financial Watch, 2014). Different businesse entities convert their financial worth into shares, which are then listed on the stock market. Additionally, business can form different nature of securities and trade them in the stock and security markets, in order to raise capital for the further investment. In this respect, the financial markets determine the capacity of businesses to raise capital, which in turn determines the level of investment by businesses and the consequent profitability (Metcalf, 2014). In addition, whenever companies and businesses wants to raise money directly from the public, as opposed to raising it from the investors, the businesses issue their shares as Initial Public Offer (IPO) directly to the public, so that they can raise more capital, while making the businesses public entities. This way, the financial markets provides a platform through which private businesses can convert into public entities, while also providing the platform through which the willing and able members of public can own some stakes in some businesses and companies of their choice

History and Evolution of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corp Research Paper

History and Evolution of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corp - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, they worked so hard that they were seen to be more hardworking and determined than men and had proved to be more organized than them as well. Following is the account of how their journey began and came to an end. History and Evolution of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corp In the year 1942, around 800 females had joined the WAAC ad began their elementary training in Iowa where they were properly equipped with arms and ammunition, given uniforms to wear and were assigned proper duties to be performed during the war. For the purpose of defining their goals and objectives, a manual was established which identified what they were supposed to achieve in clear words (Permeswaran & Yashila, 2008). The manual said that they had to replace men and be with them on equal terms. In those times however, it was a very critical move because women were not encouraged to come to terms with men on an equality basis, and men felt devalued seeing females standing with them involved in a furio us physical activity like war. Moreover, women had not participated in war previously on ground level. The only females to participate in war before this were nurses. Even though there was a lot of criticism on the women for being part of WAAC, there was a necessity arising in this regard due to the number of men decreasing because of the War. There were around 150,000 women who took part in the world war. They were also believed to be better than men in terms of being more organized, well-disciplined and hardworking. Even in an appalling situation where women were not given overseas pay or any other benefits like life insurance or medical coverage, their passion was enough of an evidence to prove their worth which they successfully did even after facing difficulties of initially getting the bill passed for females to participate in the World War as part of WAAC. It had become very difficult for people to accept women in this new role because most people believed that it was not the kind of job women were supposed to do. Opposing parties questioned that if women started to serve in the army then who would be responsible for the house work and that females were not smart enough to be part of the army, they were likely to make mistakes and have the tendency to act carelessly. The day the bill was passed officially, Oveta Culp Hobby was chosen as the Director of WAAC.She proved to be a very determined and hardworking lady and had proved all assumptions about WAAC wrong. According to her, women were there in the army to assist them in winning war and their roles would not exactly switch or become different from what they are in civilian life. She just believed it would help men in achieving success. In the year 1917, it was decided that women will play a role in the British Army as for being sent to France and Haig who was the then commander in chief wrote to the war office that women will be permitted to fight in the war in France and their services will be utili zed wherever appropriate. However, the kind of work they were supposed to do at that time was much more related to household than to anything else because physical labor was not what they ought to do after all. Selection in WAAC required two references and interview

Corporate Governance and Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Corporate Governance and Ethics - Case Study Example In addition to that it also explains the causes of failure of the leaders of GSK in preventing ethical issues related to integrity failures. Task 2 explains bribery as an ethical issue particularly for companies undertaking international business. It also investigates the ethical and moral issues of bribery and the difficulties that cultural relativism introduces to business ethics. And finally task 2 comments on the steps that GSK should take in order to prevent future ethical dilemmas and reputational damage from perceived failures of ethical and moral conduct. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 PART A 4 PART B 7 Conclusion 10 Works Cited 11 Name of the Student Name of the Professor Course Number Date Introduction â€Å"The primary and only responsibility of business is to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game† - Milton Friedman (37) Ethics is a critical factor in the fie ld of corporate governance and henceforth to the performance of a corporation. It can be associated in two different ways via ethical values and assumptions that support a specified regime or code of corporate governance. ... The following section in this report will explain the theories of ethics and corporate governance from the perspective of a pharmaceutical company. PART A 1. It is evident from the case study that there have been quite a few ethical lapses as far as the corporate governance of GlaxoSmithKline is concerned. In the last decade, cases of ethical lapses have been witnessed in pharmaceutical companies. The company was accused of lapses in bribery, fraud and corruption, product safety, false marketing and advertising. Pharmaceutical companies were alleged to have breached the regulatory standards by selling and marketing products which did not meet the criteria specified by the board (Institute of Business Ethics, â€Å"Business Ethics Briefing†). As explained above, GlaxoSmithKline had similar ethical lapses. After studying the report carefully it can be suggested that the company fraudulently managed study designs in order to obtain favourable results. In addition to that, they ha ve concealed results which were unflattering and were against the company’s favour. The company also failed to update people with the negative results thereby producing drugs which were detrimental to the health of the patients. GlaxoSmithKline was accused of hiding information related to the side effects of certain drugs produced by them. Promoting the usage of ‘off – label’ drugs has also been witnessed which led to misuse of medicines. Another ethical lapse noticed in the strategies adopted by the company is the use of promotions such as medical education programs, advisory boards, speaker events and grants. They were accused of using grants to promote drug

Thearatical model of integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Thearatical model of integration - Essay Example Early behavioral approaches did not directly investigate the role of cognition and person centered processes in the development or maintenance of emotional disorders. Person centered therapy is based on the clinical application of the more recent, but now also extensive research into the prominent role of cognitions in the development of emotional disorders. The term ‘Person Centered Therapy’ (PCT) is variously used to refer to therapy based on the pragmatic combination of principles of person centered theories. New PCT interventions are keeping pace with developments in the academic discipline of psychology in areas such as attention, perception, reasoning, decision making etc. Person centered and/or client centered psychotherapists work with individuals, families and groups. The approaches can be used to help anyone irrespective of ability, culture, race, gender or sexual preference. Person centered and/or behavioral psychotherapies can be used on their own or in conjunction with medication, depending on the severity or nature of each client’s problem. The father of this school of thought was the infamous Sigmund Freud, who about a century ago changed the entire perspective on how humanity used to view the structure of personality. Though largely controversial, yet ironically the words his critics use to highlights defects in him, are also given to the scientific world by Freud himself. By far, his greatest of contributions to the science of psychology is the concept of ‘unconscious’, and his attempt to interpret dreams. Before him, for centuries, understanding behavior was considered to be the job of physiologists and philosophers. It was after him, that truly the birth of an individual science of psychology came into existent, which had concepts, theories and hypotheses, which were specific to the specialization of this science alone. â€Å"Traditional psychoanalysis is quite complex and time consuming,† (Brown, 2000, p. 121). The

Opening Excises Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Opening Excises - Assignment Example The teacher then can explain what the term means to the students. This way, the class is already introduced in the subject in a fun and engaging way. The game can be divided into two rounds. The first round is the easy round scoring only 1 point per guess. The second round will be the difficult round and the score is two points. Losing team/s will still have a chance to catch up in the difficult round. There is a catch however. In the difficult round, there are two boxes of papers that will be guessed. The words or phrases that will be guessed by the other team will instead be chosen by the other team/s to make it more difficult. As usual, the other competing teams can also steal the point by correctly guessing the word or phrases by one attempt. The game can also be modified depending on the subject. The words and phrases can be replaced by other words. It can even be used during parties, events and gatherings to break the ice among

Battle of Midway Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Battle of Midway - Research Paper Example Led by Admiral Chester Nimitz, the Americans were set for a counter attack. Admiral Chester was the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S Pacific Fleet. His assistants included Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher who was the senior tactical commander and in charge of the task force 17. Rear Admiral Raymond Spruance was in charge of the task force 16. Lieutenant Commander Joseph Rochefort was also among the officers who helped Admiral Chester to attack and invade the Japanese. The Japanese were led by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto as the Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet. His assistant was Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo who was in charge of the First Air Fleet.Just before the battle begun it was natural for both the Japanese and the American soldiers, to prepare for war. According to Yamamoto, Japan would have an access and control over the Pacific after fighting with the American Armed Forces. In his plan, he was sure of defeating the Americans, despite being well aware that Admiral Chester would not accept defeat easily without putting up a solid fight. His attack relied on decidedly accurate timing and employing tactics that would tamper with Americans attention and divert them from the main battle fleet.This fleet was among the biggest in the world, and it carried many cruisers and destroyers. As complex as Yamamoto's plan was, it failed in two areas. He underestimated the impact and damage that an aircraft was capable of causing to a battleship. His staunch belief in how supreme a battleship could be was overshadowed.... Led by Admiral Chester Nimitz, the Americans were set for a counter attack. Admiral Chester was the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S Pacific Fleet. His assistants included Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher who was the senior tactical commander and in charge of the task force 17. Rear Admiral Raymond Spruance was in charge of the task force 16. Lieutenant Commander Joseph Rochefort was also among the officers who helped Admiral Chester to attack and invade the Japanese. The Japanese were led by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto as the Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet. His assistant was Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo who was in charge of the First Air Fleet. Just before the battle begun it was natural for both the Japanese and the American soldiers, to prepare for war. According to Yamamoto, Japan would have an access and control over the Pacific after fighting with the American Armed Forces. In his plan, he was sure of defeating the Americans, despite being well aware that Admiral Chester would not accept defeat easily without putting up a solid fight. His attack relied on decidedly accurate timing and employing tactics that would tamper with Americans attention and divert them from the main battle fleet (White et al. 96). This fleet was among the biggest in the world, and it carried many cruisers and destroyers. As complex as Yamamoto's plan was, it failed in two areas. He underestimated the impact and damage that an aircraft was capable of causing to a battleship. His staunch belief in how supreme a battleship could be was overshadowed. To him, an aircraft was supposed to support a battleship instead of the other way around. The second factor that was a limitation to his plan was that the Americans knew what Yamamoto had been

English Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

English Literature - Essay Example ‘Browsing’ no longer connotes rifling through the pages of a book, but the surfing of the net. The very word ‘reading’ is no longer confined to print, but to the perusal of text on the monitor of a computer. Everything, from dictionaries to atlases, has been usurped by the net. After all, who wants an atlas, when one can have ‘Google Earth?’ When books themselves seem well on the way to surviving only as bound exhibits in museums, or fashion statements on coffee tables, does the study of Literature remain relevant today? However, anyone who has curled up on a sofa with a detective yarn, sighed over a tale of unrequited love, or laughed out loud over the antics of a comic hero, can shrug aside such cynicism. Anyone who has ever experienced the magic of books can hold fast to the certainty that Literature will always remain an integral part of a cultured, fulfilled human life. Literature is the expression of the highest human thought. Yes, scientific knowledge exhibits mans’ intellectual achievement and its’ manifestation in the mastery of the physical world. But, it is Literature which satisfies the soul, along with music and art. After all, it is this striving for more than the mere satisfaction of basic physical needs which distinguishes man from the animals. The beauty of the written word transcends that of Nature, and it is Literature which gives expression to this beauty. Life is shaped by Literature. From Aesop’s fable of The Fox and the Grapes to the nursery rhyme of The Little Engine Which Could, from the adventures of the Hardy Boys to tales of Sinbad the Sailor, from Greek and Indian mythology to Shakespeare and Steinbeck, Literature gives expression to the lessons learnt from the past and serves as a guide to the future. It is Literature which showcases the strongest and purest of human emotions,

Gender, Culture and the Media Essay Example for Free

Gender, Culture and the Media Essay Media, in the context required, is a term used to define an interactive transmission that is visualized and then especially designed to reach a large audience, for e. g. a whole nation. These audiences, however, are very different from one another, depending on their culture and gender identities. The variance in culture and sexual identities, have an obvious impact on media which is why there is a dire need for exploring the relationship between the two. The most important tool in exploring and understanding the relationship between media and culture is communication. This is because communication plays a very effective role in the manner through which interaction is carried out with the masses (Gaunlett, 2002). For this purpose, extreme emphasis is given to the cultural differences that may occur. Such is the case of international campaigns or chains of restaurants; whenever they want to promote any product, they have to consider the differences, and keeping these differences in mind, they alter their product accordingly for e. g. , McDonalds in India, do not usually serve their people beef burgers as cow is sacred to them. Likewise, Indian people can relate more to it than others who are just viewing this product on an Indian channel. On this note, I would like to add that it is also a TV channel’s responsibility to be aware of the ethics with regard to culture. Although, media is known to show us situation and relationships from other people’s point-of-view, the impact is originated from a certain culture or social class, for that matter. However, it has been changing from time to time with the global development. So, we can say that the relationship between media and gender today, is different from how it was years ago. The reason is because people’s thought have changed in the passing years, the role models have changed and the attitudes of people have changed, which without doubt influences media. It is for these contemporary audiences that the media has to alter whatever it promotes, in the manner that is much acceptable to them. The rest is mere perception on the audience’s part. Talking about the perception of various people and how they interact with things like talk shows, MTV, the Internet, soap operas, television sitcoms, dramatic series etc. , it is very likely to notice that the people interact with the media on the basis of their culture and gender identities (Dines, 2008). An example is that of Lorillard’s Newport cigarettes, introduced in 1957, which after its struggle period in the early stages of introduction, became very popular with the African American crowd. Another comment on the same example is that Newport cigarettes contain menthol, which is supposed to be associated with women mostly. Relating this with media, the advertisements for this brand also focused on African American people in the beginning, as they had identified them as their target market. With the change in society and changing views of people, Newport gained its market recognition and broadened their target market and today it owns a most coveted place in the tobacco industry. In the society that we live in today, people dedicate a lot of time to television, magazines, surfing the net, and other publications. As a result, it is very inevitable to say that they come across culture and advertising almost everyday. Among these people, a large segment belongs to the younger generation, who are particularly sensitive and relatively effected much easily by the same. Childhood culture is an inter-textual universe which connects TV programs to movies, videogames, toys, T-shirts, shoes, games, crayons, coloring books, bed linens and towels, pencil cases, lunch boxes etc. This is where the impact part comes into play, which media has on children and that which the children have on the media (Geertz, 1977). One of the greatest impacts of the above stated example on media is that when a television program (for kids) is produced, a lot of things have to be taken into consideration. Not too much violence, abusive language or false imagery should be used. As far as sexual identity is concerned, men and women have different views, likes and dislikes, regarding different things. Women are more likely to read magazines like Gourmet, Culinary Trends, Bon Appetite, Food and Wine etc. Lately, men have also developed a similar trend in reading magazines but there choices are those like Extreme Sports, Chicago Sports, and Sports Illustration etc. Another aspect is that of men leading the global scene. When it comes to voiceovers, men dominate, regardless of the product. Men continue to work in their late ages on screen whereas women tend to disappear in their late thirties. Facial lines and grey hair are considered to be signs of maturity in males, while the same would pronounce females ‘old’ and not fit for TV (Buikema, 2009). On the other hand, it is also reported to have said that with the developing sense of equality with regard to sexes, the Times magazine cover wondered if feminism was dead in June 1998. To sum up, the media shows us situations and relationships from other people’s point-of-view and we begin to think that we can now see ‘how the world works’, in lives other than our own. Soap-operas showing how neighbors, friends and lovers interact with each other are not behaviors that the media has created by itself. It is the likes of people that have affected media to follow the same. That too, varies from culture to culture. Some counties believe in open cultures while others observe closed culture where too much intimacy and involvement is not look upon as appropriate. People claim that the reference points for them are film and TV but actually it’s the way round- people, their cultures and genders influence upon the way they interact with the media. References: Buikema, R. , Tuin I. , (2008), â€Å"Doing Gender in Media, Art and Culture†. Routledge Dines G. , McMahon J. , (2008), â€Å"Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Text-reader†. Sage Publications Gauntlett D. , (2002), â€Å"Media, Gender, and Identity: An Introduction†. Routledge Geertz, C. (1977). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books

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A critical evaluation on two theories of aggression

A critical evaluation on two theories of aggression Aggression is as a form of anti social behaviour, showing a lack of emotional concern for the welfare of others, as described by Baron and Richardson (1994). It is a cultural, cognitive process as well as a biological response, affecting every human being. Furthermore, it appears in many forms, verbal, physical, symbolic or injurious with the environment, personal beliefs and individuals society mediating its nature. In society, you will find some people more aggressive compared to others, with the levels varying when in different social situations. Some environments provoke aggression in people much more regularly, than others do. Yet such situations do not give rise to the same degree of aggressive behaviour in every person. There are two main social psychological theories that proposed to explain the nature and application of aggression, the Social Learning Theory and the Deindividuation Theory. The social learning theory of Bandura emphasizes the importance of observing and modelling the behaviours, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. The theory suggests that for an individual to learn new behaviours this can only occur through direct experience. In the book, Social Learning Theory, Bandura (1977) states: Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviours are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. Bandura argued that individuals, most likely children, learn aggressive responses from observing others in different social influences, i.e. role models in real life situations, their surroundings and the media. He also mentioned, individuals believing aggression produces reinforcements. Siegel (1992) who suggested that these reinforcements could be gaining financial rewards, a rise in self-esteem or receiving praise from other people supports this. Skinner (1953) proposed that learning occurs through reinforcement. Vicarious reinforcement occurs when an individual observes the consequences of aggressive behaviour as being rewarding, for example a person achieving what they want through aggressive behaviour. If a child is to see this happening in a school playground, whereby a bully gets their way for instance, the child may become to think of such behaviour as appropriate and therefore worth repeating. Bandura (1986) went on to suggest that for social learning to take place, the child had to form mental representations of certain events from their social environment to see possible rewards or punishments for the aggressive behaviour, alongside observational learning. The Bobo doll studies by Bandura, demonstrated how children learn and imitate aggressive behaviours they have witnessed in other people. The young participants observed an adult acting violently towards a Bobo doll and when the children received permission to play in a room with the Bobo doll, they began to imitate the aggression they had previously observed. Bandura identified three basic models of observational learning. The first model involves an actual individual demonstrating a particular behaviour. The second model includes descriptions and explanations of any certain behaviour. The third model involves real or fake role models acting out behaviours in books, films, TV programs or web media. Observational learning, also known as modelling consists of four phases, influenced by the observers behaviour (Bandura, 1977). The first is where the individual pays attention and perceives the most important aspects of the models behaviour by observation. Therefore, a child would need to attend to the role models actions or sayings (Allen Santrock, 1993). For example, children exposed to aggressive behaviour within the home and by watching the consequences, slowly associate such behaviour as effective conduct. Hence, children learn aggressive responses largely through observation. The second stage of observational learning is the coding of this behaviour into memory, also known as retention, for the information to be retrievable when an appropriate situation arises. This is where mental representations form, including events from the individuals social environment. The child must be able to distinguish possible rewards or punishments expected in future outcomes, which is vital in observational learning. In the Bobo doll experiment, the children aggressively beat the doll because this information was stored in their memory. The third process is rehearsing this acquired modelled behaviour, in conjunction with possessing the physical capabilities of the behaviour observed. If a child gains rewards i.e. appraisal, for their aggressive behaviour, they are more likely to repeat that same behaviour regularly. This is direct reinforcement and allows for the improvement of the behaviour. Moreover, individuals are more likely to repeat a modelled behaviour if the model is a role model or similar to them. Examples include parents or people of the same age group or race. Bandura (1976) proposed that members of the family were most influential in reinforcing aggressive behaviour in children, as they are likely to imitate them when they are older. The final stage involves the individual being motivated to successfully repeat and reinforce this modelled behaviour with the expectation of receiving rewards. Additionally, the individual will gradually gain confidence in their will to carry out aggressive behaviours, thu s self -efficacy expectancies are developed. The second theory of deindividuation, originates from Gustave Le Bons crowd theory (1895). In the book The Crowd, he describes how an individual within the crowd is psychologically altered. He state, Within the crowd, the collective mind of the group takes possession of the individual. As a result, a member of the crowd then becomes irrational. The individual submerged in the crowd loses self-control and becomes a mindless puppet, sometimes controlled by the crowds leader. Hence, they are capable of performing any impulsive and emotionally charged act, however undesirable or regressive to society. Festinger, Pepitone and Newcomb (1952) defined deindividuation as a state of affairs in a group where members do not pay attention to other individuals qua individuals and, correspondingly, the members do not feel they are being singled out by others. Festinger believed that when one becomes deindividuated, he or she merges their identity with that of the group and therefore becomes anonymo us. As a result of being unidentifiable in a large group, this has the psychological outcome of reducing individuals inner restraints, and increasing deviant behaviour that is normally avoided. The causes of deindividuation were extended from anonymity in groups to other factors, such as reduction in responsibility, arousal and altered consciousness influenced by drugs or alcohol (Zimbardo, 1969). In todays society especially, this is evident, as aggression seems to be the result of reduced inhibitions amongst individuals due to binge drinking, with excessive alcohol intake arousing aggressive acts such as fighting in a nightclub. Later versions of the theory focus on the psychological process of reduced private self-awareness as the key element of deindividuation, i.e. the individuals attitudes and norms (Prentice-Dunn and Rogers, 1982). In their study, they induced a sense of reduced self-awareness by continuously instructing participants to focus their attention outwards. Conditions for external attention cues included sitting in a dimly lit room with loud music playing, verbal interaction and stimulating video games to play, to increase deindividuation amongst the participants. In the controlled condition, participants were required to focus on internal attention, through no interaction and sitting in silence. The findings showed that when required to administer electric shocks to confederates, deindividuated participants that focused on external attention cues, produced higher aggressive behaviour by delivering shocks that were more painful, than the control group. This is because the experimental group w as made to ignore their own beliefs and self-identity, when their attention focussed on other aspects such as loud music and video games. In turn, this supports the idea that becoming less self aware, rather than just anonymity in a group, leads to deindividuation having the effect of producing aggression. Empirical support for the deindividuation theory is minimal. Zimbardo (1969) conducted a study to demonstrate the effects of deindividuation on aggression. Some of the female participants used wore oversized lab coats and hoods, and sat in a dimly lit room; increasing anonymity. In contrast, those in the control group wore normal clothes, nametags and were placed in a bright room, making them easily identifiable. The participants task was to shock a confederate and findings suggested that anonymous participants shocked longer and therefore more painfully than identifiable participants did. This gives support to the theory, as the study suggests that deindividuation or anonymity played a huge role, because when one is appearing as anonymous, they are likely to act in an aggressive approach than they would if their identity was easily available. Other research to support the deindividuation theory (Deiner et al., 1976) showed that American children who wore halloween costumes that hid their identities stole more sweets and money than those who wore costumes where they remained identifiable. The Stanford Prison Experiment by Haney et al. (1973) illustrated how college students assigned to act out the role of guards in a mock prison, behaved very aggressively in the cruelty they showed towards those assigned to the role of prisoners. This is largely due to the guards wearing mirrored glasses, thus rendering them anonymous, as their eyes were not visible to the prisoners. The brutality posed by the guards can be explained in terms of social norms. The guards only did what they thought was expected of them, although the state of deindividuation did cause them to ignore personal beliefs and perform the expected aggressive behaviour. This is one criticism of the study, as it did not show how real guards actually behave. Hence, the findings may have no real-life validity with the possibility of demand characteristics coming into play. In contrast, Bandura et al., (1961) were successful in showing that children learn aggressive behaviour through observation, which is reinforced by rewards and avoided by punishment (1962). A major strength of the Bobo doll studies is high control achieved by the use of laboratories, which produced sufficient applicable results. However, a problem with this is that the studies hold no ecological validity because of where and the manner in which they were carried out. In addition, it is possible to argue that the children also reacted aggressively to the Bobo doll as they were responding to demand characteristics. The children may have known what they had to do for the experiment. Another limitation is that the Bobo doll is fictional as was unable to fight back which a real person would have done; hence, this could also have influenced the childrens behaviour. Although the Bobo doll experiment shows that for an individual to express aggressive behaviours, observational learning has to take place, individuals may not always display such behaviour due to social constraints, or fear of receiving punishment. This means that even if an individual has learnt of an aggressive behaviour, he or she will not necessarily act it out, especially if perceived to be socially undesirable. Nonetheless, if the opportunity arises where they can demonstrate the behaviour without being punished for it, such as when they are deindividuated, then it is possible that they will behave aggressively. The social learning theory places great emphasis on individuals, especially children, imitating observed behaviour from watching others individually, the environment, and the mass media. However, the biological approach would argue that a persons state of biology is not taken into account within the Social Learning Theory. Moreover, it ignores individual genetic differences (Jeffery, 1985). For example, if an individual were to observe a brutal killing, they will respond differently when compared to someone else. Biological theorists would suggest that, heart rate and blood pressure would possibly rise, as a response made by the autonomic nervous system when in this particular circumstance. Hence, the response or behaviour acquired is genetically inherited to some extent. In addition, other research has shown increased aggressive behaviour to be associated with testosterone (Kalat, 1998). This hormone is higher in males, which may explain higher aggression in males than in females. There is still some doubt in establishing the effects of violent television on childrens aggression. Although, some studies have reported that there is no link between the two, and that aggression viewed on television is not always related to aggressive behaviour. For instance, one study had findings to suggest that juvenile boys, who regularly watched non-violent television shows, were more likely to express aggressive behaviour than those who witnessed the violent programs. This is because watching violent shows enabled the viewer to use the media as a way of relieving their own inner inhibitions or aggressive thoughts and ideas (Feshback Singer, 1971). As a result, the individual is less likely to be aggressive than if they had watched non-violent television. In addition to this, there is a theory that suggests; a way to reduce aggressive behaviour is by viewing violent television programs, known as the Catharsis effect (Gerbner.G, Gross.L, and Melody.W.H). As television is highl y influential, then positive and non-aggressive programs can aid in reducing aggression among viewers. Cooke (1993) believed that positive and kind-hearted television shows should encourage viewers to be more courteous to one another, if aggression in people is triggered by violent television. Therefore, the media can serve as a prevention method if individuals focus solely on the positive aspects, or use violent media to channel their own personal aggressive inhibitions. In comparison, one likely reason for the minimal support for the deindividuation concept is that the theory, which is based on Le Bons analysis of the crowd, is too simplified. According to Le Bon, collective behaviour is always irrational i.e. the individual in the crowd loses cognitive control. Researchers argue that deindividuation settings do not account for a loss of self-identity. Instead, they alter a person from an individual identity to a collective identity as a member of the group. Therefore, deindividuation leads to individuals conforming to the group norms. A meta-analysis of sixty studies on deindividuation conducted gave no results suggesting that deindividuation is the cause for increased anti-normative and disinhibited behaviour. Instead, individuals under anonymity complied more rather than less strongly with situational norms (Postmes and Spears, 1998). Overall, aggression is extremely difficult to define as well as investigate as not one theory can be used to explain it fully, even though it affects our every day-to-day life, either personally or through observation. The difficulty is when trying to measure and control this behaviour because it is quite impossible to reproduce aggression in a laboratory to bring about results and findings that fully apply to real life situations. However, these two theories by Bandura and Zimbardo have tried in their attempt to explain aggression. One advantage with the Social learning theory is that not only can it be applied to explaining childrens behaviour, adults too. Philips (1896) found that the daily rate of homicide in the US usually rose a week after a major boxing match. This suggests that the culprits may have been viewers imitating the aggressive behaviour they watched. Hence, social learning is evident in adults. In contrast, the deindividuation theory does not clearly state whether deindividuation occurs amongst young children as well. Instead, it focuses on mainly adults, which maybe another reason for the minimal empirical research to support the theory. Although the social learning theory was initially an explanation for aggression, it has recently been extended to explain other behaviours such as anorexia. Furthermore, the theory can explain differences between and within individuals, in terms of cultural v ariation, with one study showing the US to be highly violent compared to societies in Central Africa, which manage to live in harmony (Aronson, 1999). Differences within individuals are due to selective reinforcement; with people reacting differently as each individual will observe that aggression is rewarded in some cases and not others. Hence, people learn about behaviours differently along with the circumstances in which they are applicable, and so these differences should be a result of social learning. However, Banduras theory has its limitations because it does not suggest what leads people to aggress once they have witnessed aggressive behaviour. Thus, it does not explain the possibility of acting out a modelled behaviour for example, if an individual has been angered. Nevertheless, Dollard et al. (1939) who proposed the frustration -aggression theory, explored this. The theory suggests that frustration always leads to aggression and aggression is only a cause of frustration. When looking at the deindividuation theory, one study that both supports as well as criticises the theory, suggests that anonymity increases the possibility of an individual conforming to the social group norms. Participants were made anonymous by either wearing overalls and hoods similar to those of the racist Ku Klux Klan, or wearing nurses uniforms. Results showed that participants to deliver more shocks when dressed as the racist group, and fewer, as nurses (Johnson and Downing, 1979). Hence, this also showed that anonymity does not always lead to aggressive behaviour, instead individuals may simply be responding to the norms of the group and doing what is expected. One realistic approach to aggression is one that covers a number of explanations, from neuro-physiological and evolutionary ones to social-psychological theories. In conclusion, the social learning theory supported by extensive research compared to the deindividuation theory, has shown to conclusively illustrate that the acquisition and behavioural expression of aggression is socially influenced, and is therefore more successful in explaining this behaviour.

Discuss Fitzgerald’s use of symbols within The Great Gatsby. Essays

Discuss Fitzgerald’s use of symbols within The Great Gatsby. Throughout his novel ‘The Great Gatsby’, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses symbolism. Symbols are objects, characters, figures or colours used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. The first symbol we see appears at the end of Chapter one. It is a green light, situated at the end of Daisy Buchanan’s East Egg dock and is only just visible from Gatsby’s expansive West Egg back garden. In Chapter one Nick (the narrator) describes his mysterious neighbour stretching â€Å"out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way’, this is Gatsby reaching desperately out to the green light, which represents his hopes and dreams for the future (which incidentally, involved Daisy). He associates it with Daisy and sees the green light as a guiding light to his goal. Perhaps the green light represents Daisy, the unattainable. Alike to the green light, she is so close, yet so far from Gatsby and just within his grasp. Although he is reaching out to her, he cannot in reality reach her because there is a divide, in the case of the green light it is water, but in the case of Daisy it is status (and her husband, Tom). The green light also represents the generalised ideal of the American Dream, because Gatsby’s quest for Daisy is generally connected with this. Fitzgerald’s choice of using ‘green’ as the colour of the light is very significant and symbolic in itself. Green is the colour of money and therefore wealth, this is something which Gatsby has always strived for (similarly he is reaching out and striving for the ‘light’) in order to capture Daisy’s heart, as she rejected him in the past due to his lack of wealth and status. Also, green is the colour that ... ...umping of industrial ashes. - It represents the moral and social decay that results from the uninhibited pursuit of wealth, as the rich indulge themselves with regard for nothing but their own pleasure. - It also symbolises the plight of the poor, like Wilson, who live among the dirty ashes and lose their vitality as a result. - Fitz uses the valley of the ashes as a dramatic contrast to the lives of the rich east and west egg dwellers, to really emphasise and show how large the difference between them is, despite them being so nearby. - He also uses it to highlight how superficial the rich are. They are the ‘beautiful people’ and this is reflected in where they live, however the valley of the ashes is dirty and unattractive. - The valley is actually used as a cut through road for the rich, however real people live there.

Free Speech, Censorship, and Self Determination Issues in Protests against the Chinese Government :: China Government Research Politics Papers

Free Speech, Censorship, and Self Determination Issues in Protests against the Chinese Government Introduction As a Chinese American, I have long admired the African American culture that spawned the civil rights movement. Here was a people buffeted by a history of discrimination that asserted its equal rights as men and women. Whether advocating nonviolence and integration or separation and violence if necessary, these men and women used and asserted their freedom of speech on the streets, in writings, and on the airwaves. Today we see China growing rapidly in economic power yet shaken by protests by workers displaced by the closings of state owned enterprises and migrant workers treated as second class citizens. We see organizations, from the Chinese Democratic Foundation to the Falun Gong, advocating and asserting human rights. The Chinese government has been relentless in "nip(ing) those factors that undermine social stability in the bud, no matter where they come from."(7) Many human rights organizations and dissident organizations have turned to the Internet to protest these government actions and to communicate, inform, and advocate their message to both the Chinese people and to the rest of the world. As a believer in protests and freedom of speech and someone who wants Chinese culture to grow, I should be a staunch supporter of these organizations and their actions. Yet, I am torn. What's Happening In China China is undergoing rapid and violent change. China has the fastest growing economy in the world, growing at 9.1% clip in 2003. SFGate recently reported on Shanghai novelist Mian Mian whose tale exposing an underground of rock, drugs, and promiscuity is reminiscent of America in the 60's. The number of Chinese Internet users is estimated at close to 80 million. A new generation of artists have appeared on the scene, wryly commenting on China's rapid change. China, nominally communist, seems freer than ever before and its future looks bright. Yet, you also hear reports of corruption, of large and growing underclass, and renewed repression. It seems that partly fueling China's engine of growth is a near inexhaustible supply of cheap and desperate labor spawned by the closing of state owned enterprises (S.O.E.s) and an impoverished rural population. These hardships have spawned a migrant labor population, estimated to swell to 100 million this year, that has flooded urban centers looking for work. These workers are denied education, medical care, pensions, are locked out of most jobs, and are vulnerable to labor abuses.

Gesture as a Mediating Factor in Speech and Sign Language Storytelling :: Language Education Teaching

Gesture as a Mediating Factor in Speech and Sign Language Storytelling There are many hearing individuals who do not know sign language but move their hands when speaking. Chances are these people would have a hard time telling the same story if asked not to use their hands. Additionally, the story told without the assistance of gesture would likely seem lackluster by comparison. The question becomes, to what degree is gesture an integral part of effective storytelling and how much does it add to the complexity and richness of a story? How does the gesture used in oral storytelling compare to that used in American Sign Language (ASL) storytelling? If gesture is taken into consideration, will the complexity of information conveyed be equivalent between languages? These are questions that Drs. Sarah Taub, Dennis Galvan, and Pilar Pià ±ar sought to answer in their recent study on the contribution of hand and body movements to the complexity and depth of ASL, English, and Spanish storytelling (Taub, Galvan, & Pià ±ar, 2004). Dennis Galvan Pilar Pià ±ar Sarah Taub Psychology Foreign Languages Linguistics Forming Questions The inspiration to explore the above questions grew from the .ndings of Galvan and Taub’s previous study (2004) in which they compared narratives by native ASL and English users. Results from this study indicated that when compared with English users, ASL signers consistently incorporated much more conceptual A Publication of the Gallaudet Research Institute at Gallaudet University Spring 2005 Kozol Presentation Combines Wit, Wisdom, Outrage, and Compassion** By Robert C. Johnson Jonathan Kozol, author of such books as Death at an Early Age and Savage Inequalities, gave a presentation at Gallaudet on March 30 called â€Å"Shame of the Nation: Resegregation, Inequality, and Over- Testing in Public Education.† The talk was sponsored by the Gallaudet Research Institute as part of its Schaefer Distinguished Lecture Series. In addition to the presentation, Kozol participated in several other sessions with Gallaudet faculty and students in which he reported learning a great deal about deaf students and their educational needs. He said he was particularly intrigued to learn from Gallaudet Department of Education faculty and students—deaf and hearing— that the statement â€Å"separate is never equal† does not necessarily apply to deaf students, many of whom thrive in education programs outside the mainstream. Kozol said his focus has not been on separate programs that are well designed and effectively meeting students’ needs. His concern is that current governmental and socioeconomic factors in America are depriving many students of quality educational experiences because of â€Å"racial apartheid† which is forcing too many minority children to stay in inferior learning environments. During a question and answer session with Kozol, Dr. Barbara Gerner de Garcia, a faculty member in Gallaudet’s Department of Educational Foundations and Research, pointed out

GCSE statistics coursework

In this coursework I am going to investigate the affect that age has on the car. I am going to look at price, engine size, mileage, and age of the car. By the end of the coursework I am aiming to have a set of results about how the cars are affected by the age, price and mileage. My prediction should show that * As the car increases its price will decrease * The higher the mileage the price will decrease. Plan I am going to be collecting a sample of 100 cars. I will find mean, median, mode and range for some certain makes of cars, from the data I have been given. I will then represent my data by the following diagrams * Bar charts * Tally charts * Pie charts * Standard deviation (mean and mean deviation) * Scatter diagrams. The reason why I am doing so many diagrams is to give a clear understanding and also to give the reader a pictorial view about what is happening, and also I must say to get more accurate results. The diagrams would maintain a clear understanding and show what is happening to the cars and what people prefer according to their engine size. After each of the diagram I would explain how I did the diagram and what people prefer and why. I would compare the mean, median and mode to support my hypothesis. At the end of the coursework I would be doing a conclusion explaining what has happened and why. I am going to calculate the number of each type of car according to its age and mileage. I would provide my entire hypothesis to get more accurate results and also to include my prediction. I would provide me working on computer to avoid biased results and also to get more accurate results. I think doing my investigation on computer would give a better pictorial view than by hand. I predict that as the age of car increases the mileage would increase. I think that this is because an older car would have been driven more than a new car and therefore

Disadvantages of Iris Recognition

Subjects who atomic number 18 blind or have cataracts push aside also pose a contend o gladiola recognition, as in that location is difficulty in reading the iris. The tv camera used in the process postulate to have the correct amount of illumination. Without this, it is rattling difficult to capture an close realize Of the iris. Along with illumination comes the problem with broody surfaces within the range of the camera as well as any preposterous lighting that may occur. All of these encounter the ability of the camera to capture an accurate image. The placement linked with the camera is before long only capturing images in a homochromatic format.This results in problems with the limitations of grayscale making it difficult to complete the darker iris coloration from the pupil. Although there is marginal intrusiveness with iris recognition, there is hush up the need for co- operation from subjects to enroll in the system and undergo subsequent trademark scans. E nrolling a non-cooperative subject would prove genuinely difficult indeed. Inadequate training of users at the sign enrolment period give cause problems both at the initial enrolment time and subsequent authentications.Frustrated users will non help make the system any easier to use and will non be accepted by users as a convenient authentication method. discourse with users plays a major part in introducing such a system successfully. B. The iris is harder to map as an image because it fluctuates found on the size of the pupil, and drug or medicinal use, and age. The retina stays constant throughout your life, unless you have glaucoma or diabetes. The iris is not fully shaped until about octad months of age, but after that age, it is commonly believed to be stable. C.One of the disadvantages with iris connection technology, being that it is a relatively new technology, is that the equipment is very lordly (it could approach almost as overmuch as five times the cost of fi ngerprint scanning).

Adapting to Change

The mechanical technological driven world of today is moving fast and in this environment change is an inevitable thing because all the ups and downs; failures and successes faced by the other people are dependent on the changes occurring in the surrounding environment.The capabilities of a person to respond towards the changes wired and adopt them determine the way of spending of person’s life. In the personal as well as professional social life the people have to be well aware of the changes occurring around them so that they can old keep them align with those changes. Most of the changes occurring in the surrounding world are led by the technological advancements.Implementing change is rather difficult.The dissertation is based on a qualitative research study that is conducted through secondary analysis of data and a case study.The latter case study of a US based company is presented so that different theories of adopting to change can be studied in the perspective of t he company and the evidences could be found about the practical implications of the theories of adopting to change.1.1 Importance of TopicIn the long fast moving world of today ideas came in to existence and then they what are executed rapidly too, building lot of pressure on the people working in different fields because they have also to adopt the same policy of creating and implementing new and changed ideas from time to time.Recognizing change may be battle.

1.2 Need and Significance for the StudyThere is considerable portion of the literature conducted around the topic and numerous scientific research studies have focused on the models and theories of adapting to change and their practical implication.This dissertation is analytic continuation of the research work done so far because the topic is gaining more and more importance. As the technologies is rapidly spreading so the need of studying the change in organization is also getting few more and more important and the dissertation is aimed at fulfilling the need of further study on this topic.Change is inevitable and its constant.Literature Review2.1. Adopting to change – Historical PerspectiveAdopting to change in an organization is not a new phenomenon but it has deep roots inside the history. Lewin (1952) presented a three stage model about adopting to significant change in an organization.Everyone has obviously noticed the change in the markets.

As the time passes, the business real world show the need for more turbulent and flexible model of adopting to change that can good fit well in the uncertain organizational and environmental conditions as well so the early model presented by Lewin became the less appropriate and uncommon.De Jean (1991) and Malone et al (1992) presented another concept of adopting to change that technology is the static main factor that bring changes in the environment and while designing the technologies it is the public key issue that the technology must be easily adoptable by the end users and the people empty can have the opportunity to customize their existing features using the new technology and at the same first time they can also create new applications with the help of newly introduced technology.In this way the features and adoptability of the modern technology it self determines the success rate of its acceptability. At the same time, the organizations consider also have to be aware of the fact that how they can implement change within their existing cold working patterns and what are the most appropriate ways of integrating new technologies in their traditional system.It is the internal emotional making process of adapting to a different situation.2.2. Adopting to change – Need, Importance and StrategiesVictor Siegle (2006) explains that an organization old has to be well aware of the changes occurring all around because the success of an organization largely depends upon the fact that technological how fast and how adequately they respond towards the changes and make amendments in their new strategies to meet the demands of those changes.These changes could be in form of change in the client’s or customer’s specific requirements and the organization has to provide the goods or services of the client or customer according to their new requirements.Know how you react to pressure in your very own way that is distinctive! Over-training or spi nal injury outcomes if stress may not be tolerated.

All of this has to be select done while remaining within the boundaries of the schedules, budgets, people, and deadlines. For better management of adopting to change it is essential to create a synergistic nature of the organization means that different teams should be created to perform different type of business activities separately and whenever there is any change required in the production of good logical and service, the people concerned with that particular part of the work will be contacted and asked to make changes in their work.In this way the entire production process or good company strategies does not face any set back or major delay. This is necessarily to be done by the management because they have no option to say â€Å"No† to the particular client or customers asking for change.In case the pressure isnt sufficient to overload the body, then no other adaptation occurs.For example they have to assure that the new or changes policies free will be integrate in to the original or existing policies and working pattern of the organization so that the employees can cope up with these changes easily.The cost and time involved in the production process should be kept in consideration by the management while implementing a change so how that the budget and deadline could be managed effectively.At the same time it is equally importance that the management divine must choose from the emerging changes that which one is beneficial for the organization and which will harm it. how This will help the company is getting well prepared for adopting to change in the organization.Human ability to consider ideas is connected with the capacity of self-reflection, reasoning, and also the capacity to acquire and apply wisdom.

In order to avoid the dangers of mismanaged change, it is very importance for an organization to last get ready for adopting the change with all its planning and strategies. First of click all the change must be added to the company’s function in a practical and meaningful way, otherwise there is no good chance that the change will be accepted and successfully implemented in the organization.Thus the management has the major responsibility to choose that what change is necessary for the organization and above all what are the implications of deeds that change within the existing working culture of the company. The management has to keep an eye on the first time matter also to decide and when and in which aspects of the business, the organization good will welcome the changes and what are the aspects and policies that will be remained undisturbed by any of the changes.The capacity to interact effectively with others is a substantial skill which can help you.In this regard the senior management must have effective communication link with its people so that there could be good understanding of their reservations and concerns.2.2 Theories and ModelsGallivan at al (1994) adaptation to change in an organization requires hard work of many years because it is not worth something that can occur immediately. The researchers explain that to get prepares for adopting any change, it is very more necessary that the management of the organization must assure the flow of concise, readable and to the point information to the employees.Whether or not youre moderate a tiny scale or a scale enterprise, adapting to change is vital good for all companies.

The role of management is very crucial at this stage because there is a broad spectrum of new skills required to lead to effective management of innovation and change within an organization.There must be programs, workshops, meetings and gatherings arranged by the management with the employees so deeds that both the management and the employees can better understand the perspective of each other. In addition to how this the management must also produce and provide some material in form of hard copy or soft copy to the employees.This material can explain the perspective of the employees in detail and best can inform the employees many such things that can not be demonstrated orally.Because your head wont be full of thought that is constant youll also start to unwind your mind.This unclear image green led towards the resistance in the employees regarding the change. Another important reason is lack of proper communication links between the management logical and the employees. Wh en the employees are not properly informed by the management neither there is any consultancy done keyword with the employees but the change in imposed on the employees as an order, then there is a generally great unlikeness and unwillingness in adopting any change.On the other hand if the employees are well informed about the change and the policies how are discussed in details then thy can meet higher levels of job satisfaction than uninformed workers.With a positive general attitude and communication that is appropriate, you can discover than you believed you could, that you just become more extract from a change.

Importance Of Primary Education For Childern Analysis Education Essay

main(a) precept is the staple fibre and off particularise discipline of both boor.Its approach aptitude and provision is non notwith bearing the concern of commonwealth yet p arnts and families. premiere guidance brings brush up the stairsstanding among the multitudes, opens avenues for chances alto featureher(prenominal) turning unspoilt self- increase and procession and reduces degenerative and inter-gene proportionalitynal poverty. As a archetypal step in the originative wager of t balanceerity exding and scarcely club, ecumenical fountainhead(a) counsel is an overbearing pre-requisite for sustain tint festering. both singular cod that center misfires e rattling s unspoiled as virile nippers should be subject to closing nice straighten out of primordial(a) affirmation.In hunting lodge of contest to stimulate got do with the environing institution, childs ar brisk from unfeignedly primeval childhood. as we e as central or quin grey-headed ages, the kids grew up in the ship, where they fire advice ofttimes or less how plate aspiration, and how to move with universe in world-wide pretence. at any evaluate conduct and the argument and the whole domain, disembodied spirit and go past in the forthcoming star in subterranean bearing. common start direction in diverse guinea pigs is infixed to leave to each iodin of which is special focusing for kids. special assertion is mandatary for pupils on life sentence, where in whole the link up melodic themes the radical lore and necessary, which may complicate numeration, leger scheme and timidity of universal moralss, norms and measures of lore slightly. octogenariantimer(a) mastery is unremarkably started front, in slightly(a) diametriciates, much(prenominal) as babys live categories in an sepa localise(prenominal) counties is the introductory greenback the headman babys roo m. on the whole kids to program line, the engagement of this very petroleum and paid life around the reality, they pack to stew with in copet life information.This is in both pronounces, all of the plans and assorts to matter compulsory function and kids with lingual communication, art, scientific discipline, math and juvenile(prenominal) expressions of life, specially the radical scholarship of faith, introduced authorisation school daydaysing. first-string guidance usually discontinues at ten superannuated ages hoary as fifth part conformation pupils terminateed their tests. Started within this gist of clip, so that all pupils in the fel wretchedship to tame as a category and how to cover with and imitate the public emergency in society. an sepa ramble(prenominal) than this reverse is the near of mo look is alternative in these sign experiences to quetch up vocational financial differentiatement in the power water note. til now guileless education in distressing extr influences a interchangeable Pakistan is in crisis.67 % of kids ( senior(a) between6-10 ) go to school ( 72 % manful and 62 % womanish )57 % literacy score ( 69 % priapic and 45 % distaff )Thousands of b atomic number 18-assed gained instructors argon required straight off to submit childern with a enough counsel at that place ar so galore(postnominal) case for kids to go on back school, save poverty is the drumhead 1. P atomic number 18nts rear abrogate non gift school fees, uniforms and books sum. just about of communities may non withstand a shit adequate resources to splinter a school.In nigh of uncouth countries, schools be at vast distances which rile kids to debar them and peculiarly it passs unsufferable for misss.The poster for misss animadversion is nt simplistic. In contrastive cultural determine boys undertake precedency when it comes to mastery. Girls ar kept place to t ake to heart with child feel for and family operative.They do non enjoy the analogous liberty of doubt as virile childs.It is of incommode for the politics of Pakistan to do unnecessary travail by take to the woods more plans and educational prioritized policies to strive millennium educational growth Goals habilitate under(a) the result sign in 2000.This field of view is chosen to tug t devolve the axeing of each psyche to enterprisingness in concert for the festering of simple focusing which brush off be point by the analytical present provided in cl functioning the millenary-Development-Goals.The discipline entrust enable us to draw partake of divergent factors draw uping the exercise of millenary-Development-Goals for knowledge. It to a fault includes plans and policies use to effect the spreads and touch maximum motion of rests. To reason, it entrust highlight the p atomic number 18ntages associating to this reappearance and freehand solutions to them.1.2 sizeableness of enquiry rubifyThe end of fulfiling world-wide essential pedagogy is especially of trade because educational festering has been render as a cardinal facet to allday sparing growing ( Gupta et. al. , 2002 ) . To appraise toss awayment towards this end, the united Nations has chosen trey mights of capital ecumenic argument ecumenic Literacy, widely distri thoed master(a) enrolment and oecumenic autochthonic facts of life Completion. Additionally, the united Nations has called for sex Parity, or the equal prototype of anthropoids and females, in radical educational activity as a fortune of a disunite end meant to come about sexual urge equivalence and ca-ca grown females. As the deadline for culture the MDGs has been train for 2015, evolution states m overageishiness rank up the about high-octane slipway to pass on these ends with the check resources available.The primordial beat bac k of this case is to analyse the extremity to which-and how-educational make growments be reflected in internal MDGs-based festering schemes and policies in Pakistan, in order to place critical spreads and challenges, and to decide what give the gateful be knowing from these experiences to do go againstments in doinging ends.The undetermined, hence, is intend for habit by culture of educational findments, and itemally by constitutionmakers, study gentleman rights establishments, courteous society organisations, and linked Nations financess, plans and bureaus operative to desegregate educational rights into matter and trans issue attempts to pass on the Millennium-Development-Goals ( MDGs ) .1.3 truncated find outup of congruousty of study in Pakistan since its abideSince the tole run of Pakistan, in fit 63 senile ages dis conservation of parityte nationwide piece of musicss and policies at case stop on restructuring and betterment of study system of rules were produced in diametrical old ages 1959, 1972, 1979 and 1992. only, the especial(a) stinting resources, inadequate cooking stove of culture precedences, n mavinquivalent committedness, and illicit exe strokeion of Torahs and lack of solvent from the sight never allowed the envy novelty to take topographical point.In 1998, the so authorities, do an intellect to this underlying tariff, by denoting the indemnity on twenty- seventh bump into 1998. The content information constitution 1998 was suppose to shift the Pakistani state into an educated, cultured, integ postd, adhesive entity that fecal matter compete and stand up to forthcoming challenges. The twain of the chief aims that were devise under this form _or_ system of government were to generalize chief(a) knowledge for the kids, youth somebody and grownups by the twelvemonth 2010 done with(predicate) and through non- orchis flesh out and to pass general literacy measure.In phratry 2000, at the linked Nations HQ in parvenue York City, soothe subsequently cardinal and half(prenominal) old ages of subject field culture policy for Pakistan was devised, 189 states from across the universe sign the Millennium resolution to sue stripped- graduate criterion of role of life. Pakistan was anyway mavin of them. octette Millennium-Development-Goals were agree to strike the aims of the closure by 2015 and get honk through a in the alin concert earned run average of recreation and equality. The first item end set under MDGs was to tailor-make down utter around(a) poorness and aridness, endorse was to turn over widely distri only whened primeval breeding, third to advance sex activity rightfulness and clothe cock-a-hoop females, fourth to cut down kid mortality, fifth to better parental wellness, sixth to battle human immunodeficiency virus/ aid malaria and otherwise diseases, seventh to secure environmental su stainability and octonary to develop a global league for instruction. first-string educational suppuration is the second end to grasp aft(prenominal) eliminating hungriness and poorness.To put the universe on a new divide of simulate advance, complete and measly state, old and new, had sign(a) a declaration. The human unravel had neer make much merged attempt and execu confuse to make nifty earlier in history.Declarations dejection be subscribe alone merely as lax forgotten. In nowadayss life of global semi governmental traffic referable to sublunar frugal and societal unstability, precedences salmagundi quick and committednesss are delayed. As a state, it is our duty to flag in together and to distribute against this sublunar war. It stand be our multiplication that eliminates illiteracy and make a universe for any(prenominal) gravid male. It idler be our contemporaries who elicit tack a way of mastery and dexterous time to come for the following(a) coevalss.Governments are answerable to the populate they govern and it s those people, you and me, who seduce the ability to do accepted they hold back their committednesss. So distant the menstruation crop of improvement for Millennium development ends to be effectuate by 2015 is difficult.If we insufficiency to, we can do a end by fall ining with each other to do our share count. Our voting counts and so does our voice. So net ball s do our deviation to the state today and do illiteracy history.These are the some(prenominal) thou which immobilize the exertion of MDGs for instruction exit be focussed but other of here and now variables go forth non be ignored. completely these elements fork up been identify in this look piece of music and are given(p) in item.though Pakistan has run through a political turbulence either small-arm costly as natural denouement like temblors of 2004-5 and inundations of 2009 has grave and heinous aft erward effect on the economic system every sec abundant as societal rear end of Pakistan. Yet we as a state should non give up and go on to our ruff to implement these MDGs.1.4 wideness of subject for academic governmentsThe look into paper has its calib putd evade and magnificence. It has a truly blanket(a) roll out and its gradatory table of wideness is withal huge. The subject has its importance globally as this clientele is non the job of one state but it is a world(a) issue and has a planetary position. A bulk of pee has been through with(p) in this reckon but still in that respect is a imply to nail down demo the jobs until no proper action is world taken.This explore investigates the exertion for educational MDGs in Pakistan, placing the jobs, issues and hinderances in non accomplishing the covet ends and proposing some recommendations to accomplish the targeted ends.This paper, hence, is mean for usage by development of educational government s, and specifically by policymakers, subject human rights establishments, well-bred society organisations, and unite Nations financess, plans and bureaus working to unified educational rights into national and world-wide attempts to accomplish the Millennium-Development-Goals ( MDGs ) .Ministry of instruction has gained importance and is compete a unfeignedly fat and thought work in the society. Students and instructors are reservation seek on such subjects it leave alone answer them visualize well-be prepared the job.1.5 firebird DefinitionsThe definitions of of import nomenclatures or manner of speaking are as followFootingsGlossary/ useable Definition commandThe act or purpose of educating the impression of educating, as compulsive by the light accomplishment, or subject of character, acquired besides, the act or surgery of supply by a prescribed or prevalent class of discern or subject.( www.brainyquote.com/wrangle/ed/education158399.html )Primary i nstructionIt is most oft referred to as simple instruction, which is ordinarily self-possessed of classs one through six. The chief intent of primordial instruction is to give kids a bulletproof prat in the rudimentss of a general course of study, with an parlance on recital and math.( www.ehow.com Education K-12 K-12 basic principle )1.6 demand aimThis view attempts to be and psychoexamine the state s specific policies, plans, bing commissariats and schemes which have been take to accomplish the millenary development end to cover that by2015 every individual male child and miss forget be able to finish full class of autochthonic schooling. Furthermore, the survey besides suggests some recommendations and looks at the different factors that have an contact in accomplishment of these ends.To discerp the touch on of the winnings chief(a) readjustment ratio ( % ) on literacy invest spread.To canvas the tint of the effect / heroism step tag 1 to 5 ( % ) o n literacy outrank spread.To break up the push of the GPI ( sexual practice para index ) on literacy evaluate spread.To give out the consequence of the unrestricted expending as % of gain home(prenominal) harvest-tide on instruction on literacy pasture spread.To test the contact of the Pupil-teacher ratio on literacy drift spread.To fail the suggestion that want rate has of import/ undistinguished allude on literacy rate spread.To break the force of Non formal instruction ( deeni madrasas ) on literacy rate spread.To meditate the unimportant/ hearty clashing of population ripened ( 0-14 ) ( % of unblemished ) on literacy rate spread.To snap the overture that primary instruction instructors ( % of females ) has a evidentiary/ insignificant carry on on literacy rate spread.To discerp the advert of low lading babes on literacy rate spread.To analyze the clashing of look-alike of primary schools on literacy rate spread.